Cyber Aggression and Self-Defense in International Law Challenges, Gaps, and Future Pathways

Dr. Kayser Nasrat

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CHAPTER ONE: THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF FORCE IN CYBERSPACEA. The Prohibition of the Use of Force in International LawB. Cyber Operations as Uses of Force Under International LawC. Customary International Law and Cyber Operations CHAPTER TWO: THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE UNDER ARTICLE 51 IN CYBER CONTEXT 53A. Understanding Article 51: Self-Defense Against Armed AttacksB. Cyber Operations and Self-DefenseC. Collective Self-Defense Against Cyber Armed Attacks CHAPTER THREE: ATTRIBUTION IN CYBER OPERATIONSA. The Attribution ProblemB. The Legal Response to Non-State Actors CHAPTER FOUR: UNDERSTANDING THE CRITERIA FOR CYBER SELF-DEFENSEA. Proportionality in Cyber Self-DefenseB. Necessity in Cyber Self-DefenseC. Immediacy in Cyber Self-DefenseD. Cyber Countermeasures and Retaliation CHAPTER FIVE: DETERRENCE AND ANTICIPATORY SELF-DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACEA. Anticipatory Self-Defense in International LawB. Cyber Deterrence CHAPTER SIX: CASE STUDIES IN CYBER AGGRESSIONA. Stuxnet and the Use of Cyber ForceB. Estonia 2007 and the Armed Attack DebateC. Russian-Georgian Cyber Conflict